Address by Ethel Baskervill, Richmond Exchange for Woman's Work, January 8, 1932
Transcription: Woman’s Exchange January 8, 1932 The Richmond Exchange for Woman’s Work is the first woman’s shop established in Richmond which has been in continuous operation for almost fifty years. It was established in 1883 to assist ladies who, in 1883, felt their privacy would be violated and their pride tarnished if the public knew they were forced to work for money. Now we know that what a woman can do is her greatest ornament and that she always consults her dignity by doing it. Now we have meetings where Consignors and Board Members discuss every phase of our mutual business. There are among the consignors some of your best friends and mine. They are from the best levels of our citizenship – much respected and self respecting women. Without exception they are women who cannot go out into active business. Most of them have children or invalids at home who cannot do without them, or perhaps their husbands have had bad luck and cannot make ends meet. They show a notable gallantry by throwing their strength into helping their family to be self supporting upstanding citizens. The Exchange is not a charity, - it is a philanthropy. We simply give women a chance to help themselves. As a shop we are obliged to meet tremendous and increasing competition. We try to meet it by defeating it. We try to give honest value, courteous and efficient service and the very best quality in town. In our foods we tolerate no substitute for the best materials. 2 We have lately put on a second delivery and we send to Westhampton and to Ginter Park. We are constantly trying to introduce novelties in all our departments. We have many services which the public does not always realize. We make aspics and desert to order. We mend fine bead bags and wash and darn delicate laces and old lace curtains. We restore antique, painted trays. We print stationery, --just like you get from Peru, Indiana, at the same price, - and more promptly. We take for sale some young woman’s treasured bit of glory, that must be sacrificed because her husband has lost his job, or some frail old lady’s paisley shawl or piece of family silver. The Superintendent gives these facts about some of our present consignors A-says that through her sales she has been able to keep her two boys at school. B-says that her sales of cake and fancy articles enabled her to have her daughter taught the violin which she is now teaching to others. C-says her sales have made it possible for her to take care of an invalid mother and stay at home with her. D-says her sales have given her the means to help to keep her sister at the Blue Ridge Sanitarium. E-could not hold her home together without the Exchange. We have over two hundred consignors. It is not an easy job that we do. We have only a thirty thousand dollar endowment invested in mortgage bonds. p.3 The consignors pay us twenty per cent commission, -which is only about two-thirds of what it costs any shop to do business. We have a small amount from subscriptions and consignors membership tickets. One of our greatest difficulties has been to keep our promise to pay the consignor on the first pay day after her article is sold. This is difficult because some of our patrons are careless about paying their bills. They do not realize that we have no working capital and that their delay is a very serious embarrassment for us, and has often sent us to borrow from the bank where we have to pay interest. We rarely beg, but we do have a constant struggle to make ends meet. If we ever have to shut up our business it will throw about two hundred women out of employment. We do not ask pity, - we only ask that you will try our shop. Give us the chance we are trying to give our consignors. Ethel Baskervill
MSC0037-Baskervill, The Valentine
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Learn more: Sander, K. W. (1998). The Business of charity: The woman's exchange movement, 1832-1900. Urbana: University of Illinois Jones, D. G. (2001). A box lunch. Richmond, Va.: D. Jones. Federation of Woman's Exchanges Richmond Exchange for Woman's Work, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Exchange for Woman's Work. Fourth Annual Report, 1887. [exceprt]
Report by Mrs. W. T. Richardson, recording secretary for the Exchange for Woman's Work. This excerpt (pp. 9 - 14) is taken from the Fourth Annual Report of the Exchange, 1887. Text (excerpt) Annual Report. The Richmond Exchange for Woman’s Work has now completed its fourth year. During the past twelve months, 5,279 articles have been place on sale, representing the handiwork of 400 women, 3,790 of these consignments were sold, realizing the sum of $3,375, which amount, less the commission of ten per cent, was paid to the consignors. Every article deposited for sale, however simple, must be the best of its kind. To reach and adhere to this standard is the persistent aim of the Board of Managers. They are gratified to observe a steady advance in the character and variety of the work offered. The Exchange is thus proving a school p.10 for the education of workers—developing the artistic instinct, correcting defects of design and execution, etc., --while it fosters a spirit of industry, energy and independence, and affords to all, even the aged and the invalid, an opportunity to turn to pecuniary advantage whatever talent they possess, however homely it may be…. We enter upon our fifth year with courage and hope—in any event, resting upon the promise that our work shall be accepted according to what we have, and not according to what we have not. Respectfully submitted, Mrs. W. T. Richardson, Recording Secretary.
MSC0037-AnnualReport, The Valentine
Richmond Exchange for Woman's Work members
Members stand outside the Exchange for Woman's Work at 203 East Franklin Street, Richmond, Va.
MSC0037-Photo, The Valentine
COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/
Learn more: Sander, K. W. (1998). The Business of charity: The woman's exchange movement, 1832-1900. Urbana: University of Illinois Federation of Woman's Exchanges Richmond Exchange for Woman's Work, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Exchange for Woman's Work - Interior, Richmond, Va.
Photograph of the interior of the Richmond Exchange for Woman's Work, 203 East Franklin Street, Richmond, Va. The Richmond Exchange for Woman’s Work, founded in 1883, part of the Woman’s Exchange movement that began in Philadelphia in 1832. The Association was begun by women "to aid ladies whose pecuniary circumstances require them to make their own handiwork a means of their support, and also to afford an opportunity by which work may be sold for charitable purposes." The Richmond Exchange operated until 1955.
MSC0037-Photo, The Valentine.
Candlelight AIDS memorial vigil on E. Grace Street, from St. Paul's Episcopal Church to Capitol Square, Richmond, Va.
In 1981, Dr. Michael Gottlieb of UCLA identified a new disease that, among its many signs, severely weakened the immune system. Named acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), this disease was initially seen among gay men in large cities. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), identified in 1985, is transmitted through blood, genital fluids (such as semen) and breastmilk. The earliest confirmed case of AIDS in the U.S. was in 1968, with the first case in Virginia reported in 1982. With no known cure, HIV/AIDS was initially a death sentence for those infected. Participants in this 1987 candlelight AIDS memorial vigil walked down E. Grace Street from St. Paul's Episcopal Churh to Capitol Square in Richmond, Va.
V.88.68.144, Richmond Times-Dispatch Collection, The Valentine
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I've had my chest x-ray [pinback button]
"I've Had My Chest X-Ray" button with red double-bar cross that was the emblem of the National Tuberculosis Association anti-TB crusade. People can be exposed to tuberculosis bacteria and become infected. Some who are infected go on to develop active TB disease; those who do not are said to have latent infection. Latent infection can be found through a skin test or a blood test; however, a chest x-ray and laboratory testing of a mucus sample are needed to determine if someone has active TB disease. In 1946, the Richmond Health Department worked with medical and civic organizations to launch the city’s first chest x-ray campaign.
V.83.158.20, The Valentine
This Work has been digitized in a public-private partnership. As part of this partnership, the partners have agreed to limit commercial uses of this digital representation of the Work by third parties. You can, without permission, copy, modify, distribute, display, or perform the Item, for non-commercial uses. For any other permissible uses, please review the terms and conditions of the organization that has made the Item available. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/
Learn more: Tuberculosis, Social Welfare History Project Tuberculosis, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Anti-tuberculosis play at Lyric Theatre, 901 E. Broad Street, Richmond, Va.
French bacteriologists Albert Calmette (1863–1933) and Camille Guérin (1872–1961) finalized the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine for tuberculosis in 1921. The vaccine remains the only tuberculosis vaccine in use today. While not perfect, it is one of the most widely used vaccines and reaches more than 80 percent of all children in countries where the disease is common. The BCG vaccine was a major weapon in public health efforts to fight tuberculosis—an ongoing battle dramatized by Richmond children in this 1921 play. In this panoramic photograph, a "Modern Health Crusader" brandishes a sword shaped like the double-barred cross that was the emblem of the crusade. The crusader carries a "Modern Health Crusader" shield and fights "Tuberculosis" who is dressed all in black. The Modern Health Crusaders campaign was devised by Charles De Forest of the National Tuberculosis Association.
Cook Collection, The Valentine
Learn more: Chores of Modern Health Crusaders, Social Welfare History Image Portal The Modern Health Crusade. A National Program of Health Instruction in Schools, Internet Archive Stamping out tuberculosis with Christmas Seals. University of Virginia. Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library Tuberculosis, Social Welfare History Project
“Open-air” classroom at Moore Street School, 1113 W. Moore Street, Richmond, Va.
In the early-20th century, Europe and the U.S. saw the rise of “open air” schools intended to create healthy environments to combat tuberculosis using the principles of sanatoria. Sometimes purpose-built, and sometimes converted spaces, open air schools provided fresh air and extra nutrition for at-risk youth. In the May 1917 issue of The Modern City, John H. Ferguson wrote about Richmond’s 16 open air schools: “Each school has a capacity of 20 children; and each one is always crowded, with a long waiting list. The children are selected from the entire public school system of the city by the school physician…Few of these children have tuberculosis even in its non-communicative forms, but they are all below par, physically, just in the right receptive condition to be fertile soil for the development of the disease.” A Richmond Times-Dispatch notice of March 2, 1915 (p. 7) noted fundraising activities of "prominent society women" in support of the open-air schools. These women served as tearoom hostesses in the palm garden of the Jefferson Hotel. Indoor golf was a popular activity for which "two handsome silver cups" were to be awarded at the conclusion of the season.
Cook 1657, Cook Collection, The Valentine
Learn more: Tuberculosis, Social Welfare History Project Tuberculosis, Social Welfare History Image Portal Carr, Laura (2017). Open air schools: The fight against tuberculosis. The Valentine (blog) Open-Air Schools. Bulletin 1916, No. 23. Bureau of Education. Department of the Interior. via ERIC Goldsberry collection of open-air school photographs, Library of Congress 1930s: Open-Air Schools, Retronaut Does Cold Weather Sharpen a Schoolboy's Wits? The Scrap Book, 1908. pp. 883-884. via HathiTrust.org Nierenberg, A. (2019 October 27). Classrooms without walls and hopefully covid. New York Times.
Students washing hands before lunch, old Cary Street School (Madison School).
Students from the old Cary Street School (Madison School) in Richmond, Va., demonstrate handwashing before having lunch. Washing hands regularly with soap and water remains one of the most important steps in preventing the spread of many illnesses. The school was located at 219 W. Cary Street, Richmond, Va. The photograph was taken in the early-20th century.
V.56.177.03, The Valentine
Learn more: Bonis, R. (2010) Madison School, Corner Cary and Madison St. (1872-1973) and Playground Kids, 1940s. The Shockoe Examiner (blog).
Promotional materials for "Stop Polio Sunday. Second Dose Jan. 19." A hand drops the vaccine onto a sugar cube. Text: "everyone needs Sabin Vaccine. For complete protection against polio, EVERYONE over two months old needs ALL THREE TYPES of Sabin oral vaccine. Sabin school clincis will be open JANUARY 19 from NOON TO 6 P.M. to offer you your second dose of Sabin oral vaccine. BE SURE AND ATTEND YOUR LOCAL SABIN CLINIC AND TAKE THE SECOND DOSE OF SABIN VACCINE. HELP TO BANISH POLIO FROM THE RICHMOND AREA FOREVER. Check the other side for clinic nearest you." ------ The (near) elimination of polio is one of medicine’s great success stories. Jonas Salk (1914–1995) developed the first effective polio vaccine in 1953. Albert Sabin (1906–1993) developed an oral version of the vaccine in 1956. Polio cases dropped dramatically wherever the vaccines were used, and polio was eliminated in the U.S. by 1979. Through the efforts of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, formed in 1988, worldwide polio cases were down to 37 by 2016. Poliomyelitis vaccines were not without problems, though, especially initially. The Sabin version was more effective and easier to administer, but in very rare cases (1 in 2.9 million), it could produce a form of polio. It was abandoned in the U.S. by 2000. The Sabin vaccine required three doses, given six to eight weeks apart. In Richmond, Sunday vaccine drives were organized in the 1960s, leading to widespread city vaccination rates.
FIC.037526, The Valentine
Learn more: Paul, Catherine A. (2017). Polio. Social Welfare History Project. The History of Vaccines. An educational resource by the College of Physicians of Philadelphia.
Typhoid fever study, Richmond, Va. [lantern slide]
Lantern slide. Image taken in Richmond, Va in 1907. The Richmond Health Department formed in 1906. One of its early initiatives (1907) was to investigate 433 cases of typhoid fever, creating the city’s first systematic study of infectious disease. In 1908, Dr. Ernest C. Levy (1868–1938), head of the Richmond Health Department, published the survey findings in The Old Dominion Journal of Medicine and Surgery. Dr. Levy discussed the generally declining rate of typhoid fever cases in Richmond from 1880 to 1907 but noted several outbreaks of the disease in 1881, 1884 and 1900. While one cluster of outbreaks in Church Hill was determined to come from a typhoid-infected confectioner, a larger proportion of cases were from properties on the outskirts of the city that generally used well water and lacked sewage systems.
V.81.99.08, The Valentine
Learn more: Levy, E. C. and Freeman, A. W. (1908). Certain conclusions concerning typhoid fever in the south, as deduced from a study of typhoid fever in Richmond Virginia. The Old Dominion Journal of Medicine and Surgery, VII (5), November 1908, 315-338. Carr, Laura (2014).Typhoid fever! The Valentine (blog). Hughes, Megan (2018). Typhoid fever! The Valentine (blog). Society for the Betterment of Housing and Living Conditions in Richmond, Virginia (1913). Report on housing and living conditions in the neglected sections of Richmond, Virginia.
Cholera Parade Float at Adventure Days, Richmond, Va.
This parade float from Richmond’s Adventure Days (1929) served as a public health reminder of cholera, noting “Richmonders Died at the Average Age of 24 in 1872.”
V.45.15.1024, W. Palmer Gray Collection, The Valentine
Influenza virus vaccines for Richmond region
After the influenza virus was finally identified in 1933, researchers immediately started to develop a vaccine. The first flu vaccine was approved for U.S. military use in 1945 and for civilian use in 1946. Unfortunately, the flu has several types, and many types come in multiple strains—each of which has to be included in a vaccine to provide protection. Each year, scientists make their best prediction as to which flu variants will circulate that year and prepare a vaccine that treats a combination of the most likely strains. Sometimes the match is a good one, but sometimes unexpected strains mean the vaccine is less effective. Immunity also wears off and different strains emerge—which is why it’s important to get a flu shot every year.
V.85.37.2477, Richmond Times-Dispatch Collection, The Valentine
As soon as I find a Woman Suffragist, Who is not afraid of Mice... [anti-suffrage postcard]
Anti-suffrage postcard. The front has gold lettering, with a different color for each capital letter, green, purple, red, blue, orange. Silhouettes of three mice appear at the top of the card. Text: "As soon as I find a / Woman / Suffragist, / Who is not afraid / of Mice / I'll join the / procession / and cry ---- / 'Votes for / Women'!"
I.V. 76.195.14, The Valentine
Learn more: Anti-suffrage, Social Welfare History Image Portal Women's Suffrage: The Movement, Social Welfare History Project
Ku Klux Klan Rally, Henrico County, Virginia
Black and white photograph showing a Ku Klux Klan rally held near Darbytown Road in eastern Henrico County, Va. The rally, sponsored by the United Klans of America - Realm of Virginia, was held on July 4, 1967. The photograph shows a line of white robed figures walking out of the woods and processing towards the rally. Possibly a police surveillance photograph.
V.2017.83.159, The Valentine
The copyright and related rights status of this Item has been reviewed by the organization that has made the Item available, but the organization was unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the Item. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/
Learn more: Ku Klux Klan in Virginia, Encyclopedia Virginia Mapping the Second Ku Klux Klan, 1915-1940, VCU Libraries The Ku Klux Klan and Christian Churches, Union Presbyterian Seminary Library Backlash to Reform: Hatred and Extremism, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Ku Klux Klan Parade, Richmond, Va., 1967
Black and white photograph showing a man wearing a military-style Ku Klux Klan outfit with Klan symbol on sleeve. The man was participating in a parade on Broad Street in Richmond, Va., in support of the Klan and possibly to drum up attendance at an upcoming rally to be held by the United Klans of america in eastern Henrico County, Va. This may be a police surveillance photograph.
V.2017.83.164, The Valentine
Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan [calling card]
Calling card of the Ku Klux Klan. Text reads, "Invisible Empire / Knights of the Ku Klux Klan / YOU HAVE BEEN PATRONIZED BY THE KKK / For Free Information Write / P. O. Box 700 Shelton, CT 06484" Also printed on the card is a black and white cross within a red circle. The cross has a red drop-like shape at its center. This is a symbol that originated with the "Second Ku Klux Klan" of the early 1900s. The cross-like shape is formed by four letter "K" images arranged in a square facing outwards. In the center is a yin-yang symbol. Eventually, the four letters were re-oriented to a more vertical position, causing the symbol to look like a cross instead. At the same time, the white part of the yin-yang symbol disappeared, leaving only the colored part, which resembled a drop of blood. Today, this symbol is known as the MIOAK (an acronym for "Mystic Insignia of a Klansman") or, more commonly, the Blood Drop Cross (See ADL, Hate Symbols Database). Verso of this card has information about the mission of the Ku Klux Klan.
I.V.90.220.02, The Valentine
Anti-School Busing Protest, February 1972
Black and white photograph of a man and a woman in a car during an anti-busing motorcade to Washington, D.C. The car is driving past the U.S. Supreme Court building and has a poster taped to the driver's side door of the car. The poster is of "The Little Red School House" used as a logo by Save Our Neighborhood Schools, Inc. with the words, "Help / Save Freedom." The man leans his head out the window and smiles. On February 17, 1972, nearly 3,300 cars traveled in a motorcade from Richmond, Virginia to Washington, DC. Despite snow, the protesters made a symbolic journey to Capitol Hill to voice their opposition to Judge Robert Merihge's ruling (Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia) that public schools in Richmond, Henrico County, and Chesterfield County must be consolidated. At that time, Richmond public schools were 70 percent black while those of the two counties were about 90 per cent white. Cars in the motorcade carried red and white signs reading “Help Save Freedom” and imprinted with a picture of a little red schoolhouse.
P.74.11.18n, The Valentine
Learn more: 3,300 Autos Driven To Capital in Protest, The New York Times, February 18, 1972. Pratt, Robert A. The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89. The Conscience of Virginia: Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and the Politics of School Desegregation Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia, 338 F. Supp. 67 (E.D. Va. 1972) Busing, Social Welfare History Image Portal
The Defenders News and Views [Newsletter]
Publication of The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties, a grassroots political organization dedicated to preserving strict racial segregation in Virginia's public schools. The group was established in Petersburg in October 1954 following the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Chapters of the group opened across the Commonwealth of Virginia. This newsletter is a folded sheet, two pages printed on both sides. The text header on the front page says, "The Defenders News and Views/Published by Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties/405-A East Franklin Street." This document reports on the annual meeting of the Defenders that was held on November 4, 1959 in Richmond, Va. During this meeting a panel of representatives from private schools (identified as "those schools which have been established for parents who do not want their children to attend the integrated public schools") spoke. Members of the panel: J. Barrye Wall, Prince Edward County Jack Crouse, Warren County Frank R. Ford, Norfolk H. P. Paden, Arlington Barry Marshall, Charlottesville Excerpt: "White citizens of Prince Edward County offered to assist the Negroes to set up schools for their children, through use of the scholarship grants and surplus property laws....Mr. Wall emphasized the fact that the NAACP is interested only in integration - not education. Their program is to integrate the schools first, then churches, hotels and every phase of society. Education in Virginia today, he stated, is controlled by the NAACP, and complete integration by 1963 is the goal."
Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties
V.2011.02.01., The Valentine
Learn more: The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties, Encyclopedia Virginia Freedom Now Project, VCU Libraries Massive Resistance, Encyclopedia Virginia In Defense of Prince Edward County of Virginia. Speech of Hon. Harry Flood Byrd of Virginia in the Senate of the United States, Wednesday, May 17, 1961, Social Welfare History Image Portal
Anti-Busing Motorcade in Washington, D.C., February 1972
Black and white photograph of a Richmond-based anti-busing motorcade passing through Washington, D.C. on 2nd Street behind the U.S. Supreme Court building. A policeman walks beside two cars. On February 17, 1972, nearly 3,300 cars traveled in a motorcade from Richmond, Virginia to Washington, DC. Despite snow, the protesters made a symbolic journey to Capitol Hill to voice their opposition to Judge Robert Merihge's ruling (Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia) that public schools in Richmond, Henrico County, and Chesterfield County must be consolidated. At that time, Richmond public schools were 70 per cent black while those of the two counties were about 90 per cent white. Cars in the motorcade carried red and white signs reading “Help Save Freedom” and imprinted with a picture of a little red schoolhouse.
P.74.11.18m, The Valentine
Mobilizing for Busing Protest, Richmond, Va.
Black and white photograph of people preparing for an anti-busing demonstration. A woman stands holding an American flag, and a man standing with her wears a hand-lettered anti-busing sign, "Forced bussing & consolidation of schools will lead to either [arrow points to a Nazi swastika] or [arrow points to Communist red star and a hammer and sickle.]" Other people wearing anti-busing signs mill about in front of the Richmond Coliseum. One woman's sign reads, "I'm not fussing but I will not bus. No! Merhige No!"
P.74.11.18o, The Valentine
Learn more: Busing, Social Welfare History Image Portal 3,300 Autos Driven To Capital in Protest, The New York Times, February 18, 1972. Pratt, Robert A. The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89. The Conscience of Virginia: Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and the Politics of School Desegregation Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, Virginia, 338 F. Supp. 67 (E.D. Va. 1972)
The Woman's Suffrage [anti-suffrage postcard]
Drawing of an angry man wearing patched and ripped clothing. His suspenders and collar are unfastened, and he looks over his shoulder to examine a tear in his sleeve. The caption reads, "This is how it will be when the Woman's Suffrage get in power."
V.76.195.13, The Valentine
Klan members wave, Ku Klux Klan parade, Richmond, Va., July 1967
Black and white photograph showing a woman wearing a Ku Klux Klan robe and hood and a man wearing a military-style Klan outfit; the pair wave while riding in back of a vehicle in downtown Richmond, Va. Taken during a parade on Broad Street in support of the Klan and possibily to drum up attendance for an upcoming rally to be held by the United Klans of America in eastern Henrico County, Va.
V.2017.83.161, The Valentine
Wearing white robes and hoods, members of the Ku Klux Klan, a right-wing extremist organization, parade on Grace Street in Richmond circa 1925. This photograph was taken at the intersection of Grace and Fifth streets, just a few blocks from the Virginia State Capitol.
Dementi Studio, Richmond
The Valentine
The Suffragette Letter Carrier [anti-suffrage postcard]
Anti-suffrage postcard showing female letter carrier opening and reading other people's mail. She is walking a small dog while going about her rounds. Caption reads, "The Suffragette Letter Carrier. Would you trust your wife as letter carrier? Honest, would you?"
I.V.76.195.05, The Valentine
Learn more: Women's Suffrage: The Movement, Social Welfare History Project